What does it mean to burn someone in effigy?

Representation of a person through art

"Effigies" redirects hither. For the punk group, see The Effigies.

An effigy is an often life-size sculptural representation of a specific person, or a prototypical figure.^[1] The term is mostly used for the make-shift dummies used for symbolic penalization in political protests and for the figures burned in certain traditions around New Twelvemonth, Carnival and Easter. In European cultures, effigies were in the past as well used for penalisation in formal justice, when the perpetrator could not be apprehended, and in popular justice practices of social shaming and exclusion. Additionally, "effigy" is used for certain traditional forms of sculpture, namely tomb effigies, funeral effigies and coin effigies.

There is a big overlap and exchange between the imperceptible forms of effigies.^[2] Traditional holiday effigies are often politically charged, for instance, when the generalised figures Año Viejo (the Old Twelvemonth) or Judas in Latin America are substituted past the figure of a despised politician. Traditional forms are also borrowed for political protests. In India, for instance, effigies in protests regularly take the course of the ten-headed demon king Ravana, as they effigy in the traditional Ramlila. In Mexico and the United States piñatas depicting a politician sometimes plough up at protests and are beaten to a pulp.^[three] Procedures of formal and popular justice are appropriated, when the effigy of a politician in a protest figures in a mock trial, mock execution and mock funeral.

In all cases, except the traditional effigies, there is an accent on the social and political aspects of the depicted person. Tomb effigies and funeral effigies exhibit attire and part insignia that indicate social condition; coin effigies are signs of sovereignty; formal punishment of an effigy was synonymous to social expiry; popular penalization was meant to humiliate and ostracise the depicted; effigies in political protests ridicule and attack the laurels of the targeted politician.^[four]

Etymology [edit]

The word efigy is get-go documented in English in 1539 and comes, perhaps via French, from the Latin singular form effigies ,^[1] meaning "re-create, epitome, likeness, portrait, and statue".^[five] This spelling was originally used in English for singular senses: even a unmarried image was "the effigies of ...". (This spelling seems to have been later reanalyzed as a plural, creating the singular effigy.) In effigie was probably understood as a Latin phrase until the 18th century.^[ane] The word occurs in Shakespeare'due south As You Like It of 1600 (II, seven, 193), where scansion suggests that the 2nd syllable is to be emphasized, equally in the Latin pronunciation (but different the modern English pronunciation).

Political effigies [edit]

Hanging or burning the figure of a political enemy to ridicule and dishonour them is a very old and very widespread practice. It is reported that in 1328, the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV, on their campaign in Italia to unseat Pope John XXII, burned a straw puppet of the pope.^[six] Called-for effigies in political protests is especially widespread in India and Pakistan. In the Philippines, the practice came up during the successful People Power Revolution confronting the government of President Marcos. Since so effigy protests confronting the successive presidents adult into elaborate spectacles.^[7] The states President George W. Bush and President Barack Obama accept been burned in effigy numerous times in protests against military operations and occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq in the countries in the region as well every bit elsewhere. During the Arab Spring of 2011 and onward, effigies of the countries' leaders have been hanged in Arab republic of egypt, Libya, Yemen and Syria.

In the British colonies in New England, effigy performances gained prominence as an effective tool in the protests against the 1765 Stamp Human activity, leading to the American Revolution and the founding of the U.s. of America. Subsequently, it became an established class of political expression in U.s. politics, and nearly every US President has been burned in effigy at some indicate in his career.

The best known British instance of a political figure is the effigy of Guy Fawkes, 1 of the conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot who tried to assassinate King James I in 1605 past blowing upwards the Business firm of Lords. Already a yr subsequently, the 5th of November was declared a holiday to celebrate the survival of the rex and was historic with bonfires. Presently later, effigies of Guy Fawkes were burned. Traditionally, children make effigies from quondam clothing filled with straw to beg for "a penny for the guy," and communities build their own bonfires. Currently, Lewes, on the south declension of England has the most elaborate celebrations of Guy Fawkes Night. Competing blaze societies make effigies of of import and unpopular figures in current affairs and fire them alongside effigies of Guy Fawkes and the Pope.

In Port Said, Arab republic of egypt, the al-Limby (formerly known as Allenby) is burned during Leap Festival. The tradition started afterward the First World State of war, when demonstrators burned an figure of British High Commissioner for Arab republic of egypt Lord Allenby during a protestation against the presence of British troops in the urban center.^[viii] In the 2nd half of the 20th century it became custom to portray contemporary enemies of Egypt as the al-Limby. During the Arab Jump, effigies of President Mubarak and other Egyptian politicians were exhibited and burned as the al-Limby.^[ix]

Traditional effigies [edit]

Burning effigies is part of many rituals to mark the change of the seasons, performed all over Europe in locally distinct traditions. The figures normally personify adverse forces of life (winter, the old year, the witch, Judas Iscariot) and their burning marks and celebrates the annual cycle of life—death and rebirth, the defeat of winter and the return of spring. Most traditions are staged around New year's day, at the end of Carnival or in the week earlier Easter.

Many of these traditions take been exported by migrating people to other countries. European settlers brought their traditions to the colonies, where they might have merged with local traditions. In countries of Latin America, the Spanish tradition of burning Año Viejo (the Erstwhile Year) on New Twelvemonth Eve and Judas on Adept Friday is widely practiced. Judas is besides burned in the Philippines. The tradition of burning Guy Fawkes has been brought to New England, Canada, Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand and other British colonies. The Indian and Pakistani tradition of called-for Ravana is likewise practiced in Trinidad and in Edinburgh and Manchester, U.k.. In the 1970s German language students established the burning of Winter in the class of a snowman at Lake Superior State University in Michigan, US.

The Marzanna ritual represents the stop of the dark days of winter, the victory over death, and the welcoming of the spring rebirth. Marzanna is a Slavic goddess of decease, associated with wintertime. The rite involves burning a female straw figure or drowning it in a river, or both. It is a folk custom in Poland, Slovakia and the Czechia, taking identify on the mean solar day of the vernal equinox.

Funeral effigies [edit]

Funeral effigies made from woods, cloth and wax played a office in the royal funeral rituals in early modern France and England.^[x] Following the medieval European doctrine of the double torso of the king, these effigies represented the immortal and divine kingship.^[eleven] The effigy was dressed in the majestic regalia and waited upon equally if live, while the monarch's physical remains remained subconscious in the bury. Later the coronation of the new male monarch, these effigies were stored abroad. The museum of Westminster Abbey has a collection of English royal wax effigies reaching dorsum to Edward 3 of England, who died in 1377. In the 18th century also other important personalities were honoured with a funeral figure, for instance British prime government minister Pitt the Elder, the naval hero Horatio Nelson, French emperor Napoleon, and Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond, who also had her parrot stuffed and displayed at her ain request and expense.^{[ citation needed ]}

From the fourth dimension of the funeral of Charles Two in 1685, effigies were no longer placed on the bury but were yet made for later brandish.^[12] The effigy of Charles 2 was displayed over his tomb until the early 19th century, when all effigies were removed from the abbey.^{[ citation needed ]} Nelson's figure was a tourist attraction, commissioned the year after his death and his burial in St Paul's Cathedral in 1805. The regime had decided that major public figures with State funerals should in time to come exist buried at St Paul's. Concerned for their revenue from visitors, the Abbey decided information technology needed a rival attraction for admirers of Nelson.^[thirteen]

Tomb effigies [edit]

A tomb effigy, in French gisant (French, "recumbent") is the usually life-size sculpted figure on a tomb monument depicting the deceased. They typically represent the deceased in a state of "eternal repose", lying with hands folded in prayer and pending resurrection. Their formal attire often includes part insignia and heraldic symbols indicating social status and political office.

Other types [edit]

In the field of numismatics, effigy describes the portrait on the obverse of a coin.^{[xiv] [15]} A exercise axiomatic in reference literature of the 19th century,^[16] the obverse of a coin was said to depict "the ruler's effigy".^[17] The advent and fashion of effigy used varies co-ordinate to the preference of the monarch or ruler being depicted - for example, some, such as George Vi of the United Kingdom have preferred to exist shown uncrowned, while others have favoured highly-formal representations. It can likewise exist the case that the monarch's reign becomes long enough to merit issuing a succession of effigies so that their appearance continues to exist current. Such has been the case for Queen Victoria (three effigies over 63 years) and Elizabeth II, who has been depicted by five dissimilar effigies on British coins and three different effigies on British stamp stamps since she ascended to the throne in 1953.

Effigy mound is a term used in the archaeology of (mainly) Pre-Columbian America for a big earthwork in the shape of a stylized beast, symbol, human, or other figure and generally containing i or more human burials.

Effigy vessel is a term used in the archeology of (mainly) Pre-Columbian America for ceramic or rock containers, pots, vases, cups, etc., in the shape of an beast or human.

In the past, criminals sentenced to death in absentia might exist officially executed "in effigy" as a symbolic deed. In southern India, effigies of the demon-king Ravana from the epic verse form the Ramayana are traditionally burnt during the festival of Navrati.

A Wicker man was a large man-shaped wicker statue allegedly used in Celtic paganism for human being sacrifice by burning information technology, when loaded with captives.

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  A rare wax funerary effigy of a individual person, who stipulated information technology be made in her will, England, 1744. Holy Trinity Church, Stow Bardolph, Norfolk.

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  Mod Marzanna (goddess) effigy, Poland

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  An 18th-century engraving of a Celtic wicker man, ready for called-for

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  Welsh children with their Guy Fawkes figure in November 1962. The sign reads "Penny for the Guy".

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  Every year The Man is burned at the Burning Man festival, Nevada

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See also [edit]

• Voodoo doll
• Poppet
• Called-for Homo
• Madame Tussauds
• Flag called-for
• Self-immolation
• Death mask

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "figure, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford Academy Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
2. ^ Florian Göttke, "Burning Images: Performing Effigies as Political Protestation," (PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 2019), 54–55.
3. ^ "Cherokee Street'southward Behemothic Trump Pinata Will Assistance Release Your Political Frustrations," Riverfront Times, April 26, 2016, https://www.riverfronttimes.com/artsblog/2016/04/26/cherokee-streets-giant-trump-pinata-volition-aid-release-your-political-frustrations
4. ^ Florian Göttke, Called-for Images: Performing Effigies equally Political Protest, (PhD dissertation, Academy of Amsterdam, 2019), 39–40.
5. ^ Latdict, s.v. "effigies", http://world wide web.latin-dictionary.net/search/latin/effigies
6. ^ Wolfgang Brückner, Bildnis und Brauch: Studien zur Bildfunktion der Effigies (Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1966), 197–201.
7. ^ Florian Göttke, "Called-for Images for Punishment and Change," Trigger, Fotomuseum Antwerpen, BE, November 2019.
8. ^ Mériam Northward. Belli, An Incurable Past: Nasser's Egypt Then and Now (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013), 75–162.
9. ^ Trevor Mostyn, "Will militant Islam hijack Arab republic of egypt's cute revolution?", web log Planetary Movement, April 21, 2011, http://www.planetarymovement.org/alphabetize.php?choice=com_content&task=view&id=536&Itemid=61
10. ^ Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The Male monarch's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton Academy Press, 1957), 419–37.
11. ^ Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The Rex's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 382–84.
12. ^ Westminster Abbey, Royal funerals
13. ^ Westminster Abbey, "Horatio, Viscount Nelson".
14. ^ Cuhaj, George Due south. (2012). 2012 Standard Itemize of World Coins - 1901-2000 (39 ed.). Krause Publications. pp. 333, 968, 991, 1523, and 1966. ISBN978-1-4402-1572-eight.
15. ^ Cuhaj, George Due south. (2013). 2014 Standard Catalog of World Coins, 2001-Date (eight ed.). Krause Publications. pp. 152, 177, 179, 191, 225, and 655. ISBN978-one-4402-3568-9.
16. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Lexicon of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. Vol. 17 (9 ed.). The Henry 1000. Allen Visitor. 1890. p. 630. ISBN9781276858373.
17. ^ Hilsdale, Cecily J. (2014). Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Pass up. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN978-1-107-03330-6.

External links [edit]

Look up figure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to effigies.

• Statua loricatus: Roel Renmans's database about military effigies and tombs from the Heart Ages to the Renaissance

flowersrehaddeed.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy

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